How to Install OpenBSD: The Most Sophisticated OS
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In an era of increasing digital vulnerabilities, OpenBSD remains a masterclass in software engineering and proactive security. It is not just an operating system; it is a meticulously audited fortress that prioritizes correctness and cryptography above all else, making it the ultimate choice for those who refuse to compromise on system integrity.
Welcome to MusaBase! In today's article, I will guide you through installing one of the most sophisticated and secure operating systems in existence: OpenBSD. If you are looking for a minimal, highly audited, and rock-solid system for your server or desktop, this guide is for you.
While FreeBSD is known for performance and ZFS, OpenBSD is the gold standard for security and "correctness." If you have already explored my Debian Manual Guide or Arch Linux walkthrough, you will find OpenBSD's approach to simplicity refreshing. In this walkthrough, you will learn:
- Downloading the latest official OpenBSD installation ISO
- Creating a reliable bootable USB drive
- Navigating the OpenBSD TUI installer with ease
- Custom Disk Partitioning for maximum system flexibility
- Step-by-step base system installation
- Essential post-install configuration and system hardening
I have written this guide to be beginner-friendly yet technically complete, providing all the commands and explanations you need to master this secure environment. Without further ado, let's get started!
What is OpenBSD?
OpenBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system designed with a strong focus on security and code correctness. Its specialty lies in portability, standardization, and robust secure infrastructure. OpenBSD is a community-driven OS, meaning it's built and maintained by a dedicated volunteer community that focuses on its security, simplicity, and consistency.
Capabilities that make OpenBSD unique
- Security: OpenBSD's code base is clean and small, even smaller than Linux, meaning fewer places for bugs to hide, plus the community's developers audit the code constantly.
- Control: When you install OpenBSD, it's a bare minimal system with nothing installed other than required system components. Everything in your OpenBSD system will only be installed if you explicitly allow it.
- Pledge & Unveil:
- Pledge: restricts what a program can do, like opening files in a specific folder.
- Unveil: limits which files or directories a program can access.
- Memory Armor: W^X ensures memory areas can't be both writable and executable, stopping many classic attacks. And on each boot, the kernel is rebuilt with randomized addresses so attackers can't predict where things are happening in memory.
- One Toolbox for Everything: OpenBSD ships with built-in, well-integrated tools like:
- PF Firewall
- OpenSSH
- doas, a lighter alternative to sudo
Prerequisites
Before we begin, refer to the official OpenBSD Installation Guide for detailed configuration; make sure to double-check commands and steps if you encounter any issues. OpenBSD generally requires a minimum of 8 GB of disk space and 512 MB of RAM for a standard installation. However, for a fully-fledged system with a desktop or development environment on a modern release (like OpenBSD 7.x), the following requirements are recommended:
OpenBSD System Requirements
- Processor: Any Intel or AMD x86-64 bit compatible or 32-bit processor. Faster x86-64 processors are recommended for resource-intensive tasks.
- RAM: Minimum 512 MB, though more RAM significantly improves system performance.
- Disk Space: At least 50 GB+ is recommended for a complete system with a graphical desktop environment.
Step 1: Download OpenBSD ISO and Create Bootable USB
1.1: Download OpenBSD ISO
Expand
- Go to https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq4.html#Download
- To download the ISO image according to your PC's CPU architecture, click on the provided link (e.g., amd64 for modern Intel or AMD processors, or i386 for older 32-bit processors).
- After the download is complete, you will have a similar file:
1.2: Create a Bootable USB Stick with OpenBSD
Expand
We can make the USB bootable with a couple of different methods, but here are the two most common methods:
1.2.1: Using Balena Etcher (GUI) on Windows/Mac/Linux
- Download and install Balena Etcher.
- Run Etcher.
- Select your openBSD.iso file.
- Choose your USB drive from Etcher.
- Click Flash! and after a few minutes, your USB will be bootable with the OpenBSD ISO.
1.2.2: Using dd (CLI) Method
Note: Be careful while using dd and selecting your USB drive, as dd will overwrite it.
- Plug your USB drive into your PC.
- Open a terminal and run the following command to identify your USB:
lsblk- Look for your USB (e.g., /dev/sdb or /dev/nvme0n1). Note the name for your USB drive.
- Unmount the USB (if mounted) by running this command:
sudo umount /dev/sdX- Next, write the ISO to the USB by running the following command:
sudo dd if=/mnt/sdc1/Downloads/openBSD.iso of=/dev/sda bs=4M status=progress oflag=sync- After dd finishes writing the ISO to the USB, eject your USB by running this command:
sudo eject /dev/sdXStep 2: Boot into OpenBSD Installation Environment
To boot into either the OpenBSD installer or an installed OpenBSD system, we must disable the Secure Boot option in the PC's UEFI/BIOS. OpenBSD's bootloader and system images are not signed with Microsoft or recognized keys, which means UEFI firmware will block them if Secure Boot is enabled.
- Plug your OpenBSD bootable USB stick into your PC.
- Reboot your PC.
- While your PC is turning on, press F9, F10, F11, F12, ESC, or DEL key to open UEFI/BIOS settings.
- Locate and disable Secure Boot and Fast Boot (if available) options (usually under the Security or Advanced Settings tab).
- Save & Exit.
- Next, again press F9, DEL, or ESC key to boot from your USB stick.
- If everything goes right, then after a few seconds you will be greeted by the OpenBSD installer menu.
- Press I or i to enter the OpenBSD installation.
⚠️ Ensure both Secure Boot and Fast Boot are disabled in UEFI settings.
Step 3: Initial OpenBSD Setup
When we begin the OpenBSD installation, we need to configure Keyboard layout, Hostname, Network, Root Password, Enabling Support for Desktop Environment, Shell, and Adding User, etc. These configurations are really simple; we just need to choose from the given options.
3.1: Set Keyboard Layout
A Keyboard layout is the software mapping that tells the OS how to translate each physical key-press. To be more precise, the layout is responsible for showing characters when we press a key; it doesn't matter what is printed on our keyboard's keycaps. It controls what letters, numbers, or symbols are generated, including accents for typing in different languages.
- By default, OpenBSD has the *us* or US QWERTY layout chosen.
- If you are comfortable with the *us* layout, then press ENTER.
- If you want to change the layout, then press l or L and press ENTER to list available OpenBSD keyboard layouts.
- Next, type your preferred layout (e.g., fr for French or de for German keyboard layout) and press ENTER.
- I'm leaving this option at default and heading to the next step.
3.2: Set System Hostname
Hostname is just a name that we give to our device so it can be identified by that name. It's a human-readable label (e.g., foo or lap01) that helps others on the network recognize and address our box without needing its IP address.
- To set a hostname, just type a simple name and press ENTER.
- I'm giving my machine the musabase01 name.
3.3: Network Configuration
Next, we need to configure the network. In this step, we can configure different options for IPv4 with DNS configuration and optional IPv6 setup. These configurations ensure the OpenBSD installer downloads system sets over HTTP and also equip our OpenBSD system to connect to the internet or local network after installation.
- The OpenBSD installer lists the available network interfaces to choose from automatically.
- By default, our first connected physical ethernet card is selected by the OpenBSD installer.
- If you want to change the network interface, then type the interface name and press ENTER.
- I'm choosing the default one, em0.
- Next, for the IPv4 address configuration on em0, press ENTER to select [ autoconf ] for automatic assignment.
- If you prefer a static setup, type your custom IPv4 address (e.g., 192.168.1.50) and press ENTER.
- For IPv6, you can leave it empty by pressing ENTER, or provide a custom IPv6 address (e.g., 2606:4700:4700::1111) and press ENTER.
- The OpenBSD installer will then ask if you'd like to configure more interfaces; select [ done ] to finalize your network settings.
- By default, [ done ] is pre-selected; simply press ENTER to proceed to the next step.
3.4: Set Root Password
- Here we can set a password for root access.
- Enter and re-enter the password for your root account.
3.5: Configure Shell sshd
- Next, we have the option to start the sshd(8) with OpenBSD boot.
- By default, the selected choice is [ yes ]; press ENTER to enable the sshd daemon for your system.
- If you don't want this for your system, you can simply type no and press ENTER to continue.
Uses of SSHD
- Accepts remote SSH connections.
- Authenticates users with passwords, public keys, etc.
- Starts a shell session and can execute commands remotely.
3.6: Configure X11 for Desktop Environment Support
- Next, the installer will ask if we want support for running a desktop environment on our OpenBSD system.
- If you are planning on installing a desktop environment like KDE Plasma or GNOME, etc., then press ENTER to confirm enabling this option.
- Then, on the very next prompt, the OpenBSD installer will ask for enabling xenodm.
- By default, this option is selected as [ no ]. You can type yes and press ENTER to enable xenodm as your system's display manager.
- If you don't want xenodm, then just press ENTER to leave this option disabled and continue to the next step. For my system, I'm also choosing to disable xenodm at the moment.
The X Window System or X11 is the graphical display system that enables the foundational layer for building and running graphical environments.
XENODM is OpenBSD's default display manager; it launches the X Window System and executes the ~/.xsession file.
3.7: Configure Serial Console Access or com0
- Next, we have the option to either leave com0 disabled, which is already disabled by default. Press ENTER to leave this option disabled.
- Or, if you're planning to run a server on your OpenBSD system, then type yes and press ENTER.
COM0 is typically used for serial console access, which allows an OpenBSD system to be used without any display or monitor. It is mostly useful for servers, headless systems, or remote diagnostics.
3.8: Adding a User
- Next, we can add our user for our OpenBSD system.
- On the prompt "Setup a user? (enter a lower-case loginname, or 'no') [no]", simply type the username you want for your user (e.g., musabase) and press ENTER.
- Next, on the prompt for Full name for user username?, type any full name or leave this prompt empty and press ENTER to continue.
3.8.1: Set User Password
- Next, we can set a password for our user.
- Enter and re-enter the password for your user.
3.9: Configure Root SSH Login
- Next, the installer will prompt for allowing your root user to log in through SSH.
- By default, the option is already disabled; press ENTER to leave this option disabled.
3.10: Configure Timezone
- Next, if you have an internet connection to your PC or laptop, then the OpenBSD installer will automatically detect your Timezone and show you the selected timezone.
- If the installer selected the correct timezone (like for me, [Asia/Karachi]), then press ENTER to continue.
- If the installer detected the wrong timezone, then type ? and press ENTER, and it will show the list of all available timezones.
- Here, type your region or continent (e.g., America) and press ENTER.
- Next, the installer will ask for a sub-timezone or state/city.
- If you're not sure about your sub-timezone, then type ? and press ENTER, and it will show all available cities/states in your selected region/country.
- Now, type your state/city and press ENTER, and your timezone will be changed.
Step 4: Disk Partitioning
In this step, I have covered both automatic and manual disk partitioning. Just a heads up: if you go with the auto-partition method, the installer may erase all your previous data on the disk. But on the other hand, manual partitioning gives us full control over every aspect of your hard drive.
4.1: Choose Hard-disk for Partition
- On this step, the OpenBSD installer will show available disks (e.g., wd0, wd1, etc.) to install OpenBSD OS files.
- By default, the installer will select the first connected hard disk.
- If you are okay with the selected disk, then press ENTER to continue, or type ? to view available connected hard disks.
- To select a different disk, simply type the name of the disk (e.g., wd1) and press ENTER.
- Since I'm installing OpenBSD on a VM for servers and mostly testing, I am okay with the default selected drive.
4.2: Hard-disk Encryption
- Next, the OpenBSD installer will ask to encrypt the selected hard disk.
- It's a personal preference; I'm okay without any encryption. But you can choose to set a password or encryption key for your hard disk by typing p and pressing ENTER.
4.3: Hard-disk Partitioning
- Next, we need to initialize our hard disk with either MBR or GPT.
- By default, the OpenBSD installer selects the MBR partition label. The MBR disk label is usually for legacy or BIOS firmware PCs, and GPT is typically used on modern PCs that use UEFI firmware.
- For this guide, I'm going with the MBR disk partition label; it is supported on almost every UEFI firmware PC, and with this label, we won't have to manually create and mount an ESP partition, which is required for UEFI systems.
- Type W and press ENTER to use the whole disk as an MBR-labeled filesystem.
- After selecting whole disk for MBR, the OpenBSD installer will show automatically created necessary and optional partitions on the hard disk and ask you to either confirm these automatically created partitions by pressing ENTER, or press E to edit the partition layout, or C to create a custom layout.
- If you're okay with the auto-created partitions, then press ENTER; if not, then type C and press ENTER to create custom partitions.
4.3.1: Custom Partition
- To create custom partitions, type C and press ENTER.
- The OpenBSD installer will open its disk partitioning tool called disklabel.
4.3.1.1: Create Root Partition
- For custom partitions in disklabel, we can use commands to add and mount partitions.
- Do the following to create and mount the root partition:
a a #press ENTER
offset: [64] #leave empty by pressing ENTER
size: [83886016] 25G #press ENTER
FS type: [4.2BSD] #leave empty by pressing ENTER
mount point: [none] / #press ENTER
4.3.1.2: Create Swap Partition
- To create a swap partition, do the following:
a b #press ENTER
offset: [52436160] #leave this empty by pressing ENTER
size: [31449920] 8G #press ENTER
FS type: [swap] #leave this empty by pressing ENTER
4.3.1.3: Create /home Partition
- Now, the /home partition or any other partition (e.g., /tmp, /var, /usr, etc.) will be created in a similar fashion as the /home partition:
a d #press ENTER
offset: [69224085] #leave empty by pressing ENTER
size: [14661995] * #(*) means use the remaining available disk space, press ENTER
FS type: [4.2BSD] #leave empty by pressing ENTER
mount point: [none] /home #press ENTER
4.3.1.4: Confirm & Exit
- Next, type p and press ENTER to print out the partition layout.
- If your partition layout is correct, then write or save the changes by typing w and pressing ENTER. Next, to exit the disklabel tool, type q and press ENTER.
- If everything went right, the OpenBSD installer will detect the partitions and start to write the changes for partitions.
Step 5: Installing Base OpenBSD System Files
- After creating the partitions, the OpenBSD installer will ask for the location of the base system files.
- By default, it will select the first cd device or usb device called cd0.
- Press ENTER to continue.
- On the next prompt, if [7.7/amd64] is mentioned, press ENTER. If not, then you need to enter cd1 or http to get the base system files.
- The installer will print all files that are going to be installed in your system (e.g., bsd, base77.tgz, game77.tgz, etc.), and by default, the OpenBSD installer will install all files we can see here.
- Press ENTER to confirm the installation of all files because these are all somewhat necessary.
- Next, the installer will ask for verification of the checksum of the ISO file for OpenBSD.
- We don't necessarily need to do the verification, as we just downloaded the ISO from the official website.
- Type yes and press ENTER.
- After skipping the checksum verification, the installer will automatically start to install the base system files to the hard disk.
- After the base system files are installed, the OpenBSD installer will ask for the location of the sets files again.
- By default, the [done] option is selected, so just press ENTER.
- Next, the installer will write some additional information, and after a few seconds, it will prompt for a reboot of the system.
- The reboot option is selected by default, so press ENTER. Otherwise, type reboot and press ENTER.
- The PC will reboot and boot us into the installed OpenBSD system.
Step 6: OpenBSD First Boot and Base System Configurations
- After rebooting the system, our PC will boot into our installed OpenBSD system.
- After loading the system files, it will ask us to log in.
- Enter your username, then your user's password that you created during installation, and you are in your installed OpenBSD system.
Base System Configuration
Now that we are in our installed OpenBSD system, we can do some first boot configurations. This includes adding the user to the wheel group, installing and configuring sudo and also doas, a lightweight alternative to sudo, in addition to installing nano, a simple command line text editor. But before we do anything, we need root or super user access. Since we are logged in as our user and our user doesn't have elevated permissions at the moment, we'll change from normal user to super user.
6.1: Change User to Root
- To change user from normal to super user, simply run:
su- The system will ask for your root password. Enter the root password that we created during installation.
6.2: Install sudo and nano
- Now that we have root access, we can simply perform any task without worrying about elevated permissions.
- To install sudo and nano, simply run:
pkg_add sudo nano- After a few seconds of fetching and extracting packages, the package manager will ask for choosing from given sudo variants. Type 1 and press ENTER.
6.3: Configuring Doas and Sudo
- By configuring doas and sudo, we can perform elevated tasks with a normal user.
- To configure doas, simply run:
nano /etc/doas.conf- The command will create a new file named doas.conf.
- In this file, we can define permissions for groups or users by adding this line:
permit nopass keepenv :wheel- Then press CTRL + O to save the changes, press ENTER to apply the changes, and then press CTRL + X to exit the file.
- Next, we'll configure the sudo file named visudo.
- Do the following:
export EDITOR=/usr/local/bin/nano
visudo- The export command will make the visudo command use nano as its default editor.
- The visudo command will open the sudoers file in nano.
- In the sudoers file, navigate to the bottom with the keyboard's down arrow key.
- Look for a line that contains:
# %wheel ALL=(ALL) SETENV: ALL- Remove the # from the start of the line.
%wheel ALL=(ALL) SETENV: ALL- Next, press CTRL + O to save the changes, press ENTER to apply the changes, and then press CTRL + X to exit the file.
6.4: Add User to wheel Group
- Now that all the configurations for the wheel group are done, we can add our user (or users) to this group.
- Run the following command:
usermod -G wheel musabase
- Now, we can perform root access tasks with our user.
- Run:
exit- It will exit you from the root shell to your user shell.
6.5: Update System
- Now that we can perform elevated permission required tasks from our user, let's update the system with our user shell.
- Run:
sudo syspatch
#or
doas syspatch- It will ask you for your user's password.
- Enter the password for your user that you created during the installation.
- After the update is complete, reboot the system with:
sudo reboot
#or
doas reboot- After the reboot, the system will apply new changes from the updates.
Frequently Asked Questions: OpenBSD Installation
What is OpenBSD and what makes it unique?
OpenBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system focused on security, code correctness, and portability. It is unique because of its proactive security features like Pledge and Unveil (which restrict what programs can do), Memory Armor (W^X, which prevents memory from being both writable and executable), and integrated tools like PF firewall, OpenSSH, and doas (a lightweight alternative to sudo). The codebase is small and continuously audited, meaning fewer places for bugs to hide.
What are the minimum system requirements for OpenBSD?
The official minimum requirements are 8GB disk space and 512MB RAM. However, for a practical installation with a desktop environment or development tools, I recommend at least 50GB disk space and 4GB RAM for a smooth experience. The processor should be x86-64 (64-bit) for modern systems.
How do I download the OpenBSD ISO?
Go to the official OpenBSD download page at https://www.openbsd.org/faq/faq4.html#Download. Choose the correct architecture for your PC (e.g., amd64 for modern 64-bit Intel/AMD processors, or i386 for older 32-bit systems). Download the installXX.iso file (where XX is the version number).
How do I create a bootable USB drive for OpenBSD?
You can use Balena Etcher (GUI tool available for Windows, Mac, Linux) by selecting the ISO and your USB drive, then clicking Flash. Alternatively, use the dd command on Linux:
sudo dd if=/path/to/openbsd.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4M status=progress oflag=sync
Replace /dev/sdX with your USB device (check with lsblk). Be extremely careful to avoid overwriting your hard disk.
Do I need to disable Secure Boot before installing OpenBSD?
Yes, absolutely. OpenBSD's bootloader is not signed with Microsoft's keys, so UEFI firmware with Secure Boot enabled will block it from starting. Enter your BIOS/UEFI settings (by pressing F9, F10, F11, F12, DEL, or ESC during boot), locate the Secure Boot option (usually under the Security or Boot tab), disable it, and save the changes. Also disable Fast Boot if available.
How do I start the OpenBSD installer?
After booting from the USB drive, you will see a boot menu. Simply press the I key (or type I) and press Enter to begin the installation process.
How do I set the keyboard layout during installation?
By default, OpenBSD uses the US QWERTY layout (*us*). If you want to change it, press L and Enter to see a list of available layouts. Type your preferred layout (e.g., fr for French, de for German) and press Enter. If you are comfortable with the US layout, just press Enter to continue.
How do I configure networking during installation?
The installer will list available network interfaces (e.g., em0). Select the one you want (usually the default). For IPv4, choose autoconf to use DHCP, or enter a static IP address. For IPv6, you can leave it empty. When asked if you want to configure more interfaces, select done.
Do I need to enable X11 during installation?
If you plan to install a desktop environment later (like KDE Plasma, GNOME, or XFCE), you should enable the X Window System. When the installer asks "Do you expect to run the X Window System?", press Enter to select yes. You can choose to enable xenodm now or later; it is safe to disable it during installation and enable it manually later.
How do I create a user during installation?
When the installer prompts "Setup a user?", type your desired username (e.g., musabase) and press Enter. You can then optionally enter a full name or leave it blank. Finally, set a password for the user by entering and re-entering it.
How do I partition the disk in OpenBSD?
OpenBSD offers both automatic and manual partitioning. For manual partitioning, type C at the partition prompt to enter the disklabel tool. Use commands like a a to create a root partition, a b for swap, and a d for /home. Set the mount points correctly (e.g., / for root, swap for swap, /home for home). After creating all partitions, type p to review the layout, w to write changes, and q to exit.
What is the disklabel tool in OpenBSD?
disklabel is OpenBSD's built-in partitioning tool. It allows you to create, modify, and view partitions on a disk. It uses letters like a, b, d to label partitions (a is traditionally root, b is swap). You can assign mount points and sizes manually, giving you full control over your disk layout.
How much space should I allocate for swap?
The swap partition size depends on your needs. A general rule of thumb is to allocate swap equal to your RAM size if you plan to use hibernation, or at least 8GB for systems with 4‑16GB RAM. For systems with more than 16GB RAM, you can often use less, but it's safe to allocate at least 8GB.
How do I install the base system files?
After partitioning, the installer will ask for the location of the installation sets. By default, it selects the cd0 device (your USB drive). Press Enter. It will list all available file sets (bsd, baseXX.tgz, compXX.tgz, gameXX.tgz, etc.). Press Enter to install all of them. You will be asked to verify checksums; type yes (or skip if you trust your ISO). The installation will then proceed.
What are the file sets (bsd, base, comp, game) in OpenBSD?
- bsd: The OpenBSD kernel.
- baseXX.tgz: The base system (core utilities, libraries).
- compXX.tgz: Compiler tools and headers (for development).
- gameXX.tgz: Classic BSD games (optional).
- manXX.tgz: Manual pages.
- xbaseXX.tgz, xfontXX.tgz, xservXX.tgz: X Window System components.
Installing all of them gives you a complete system; you can omit some (like games or comp) if you don't need them.
How do I log in after the first reboot?
After reboot, you will see a login prompt. Enter your username and the password you created during installation. You will be logged into the console.
How do I switch from my normal user to root?
Use the su command (substitute user) and provide the root password:
su
After entering the correct root password, your prompt will change from $ to #, indicating you are now root.
How do I install sudo and nano on OpenBSD?
As root, run:
pkg_add sudo nano
When prompted to choose a sudo variant, select 1 (the default). This installs both packages from the OpenBSD package repository.
How do I configure doas on OpenBSD?
doas is a lightweight alternative to sudo. To configure it, create or edit /etc/doas.conf as root:
nano /etc/doas.conf
Add the following line to allow all users in the wheel group to run commands without a password:
permit nopass keepenv :wheel
Save the file (Ctrl+O, Enter, Ctrl+X).
How do I configure sudo on OpenBSD?
First, set the editor to nano:
export EDITOR=/usr/local/bin/nano
Then run visudo to edit the sudoers file:
visudo
Find the line # %wheel ALL=(ALL) SETENV: ALL and remove the # at the beginning to uncomment it. Save and exit.
How do I add my user to the wheel group?
As root, use the usermod command:
usermod -G wheel username
Replace username with your actual username (e.g., musabase). After this, you can use doas or sudo from your normal user account.
How do I update OpenBSD after installation?
Use the syspatch utility to apply binary patches to the base system:
doas syspatch
Or, if you configured sudo:
sudo syspatch
This fetches and installs security and reliability updates. After installation, reboot if a kernel patch was applied.
What are the most common mistakes when installing OpenBSD?
- Not disabling Secure Boot in UEFI, preventing booting from the USB.
- Choosing the wrong keyboard layout, making password entry confusing.
- Forgetting to enable X11 during installation if a desktop environment is planned later.
- Incorrect partitioning (e.g., not setting the root mount point to /).
- Not adding the user to the wheel group after installation, preventing doas or sudo usage.
- Skipping the initial system update (syspatch).
π Congratulations! Your OpenBSD system is now up and running!
You have successfully installed and configured one of the most secure operating systems in the world. Whether you plan to use it as a rock-solid server or a minimal workstation, you now have a foundation built on proactive security and clean code. Now, it is time to enhance your experience with a graphical environment.
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101 out, I’ll see you in the next one! π